Financial development and investment, including signs, symptoms and characteristics of financial depth on growth and the significant impact of economic development, has direct and positive. Financial Deepening, financial development and signs of financial system development are introduced. Different studies has shown that financial development, including components of development of industrial and developing countries respectively. Taghavi (2008) in a research based Gupta (2005), believethat greater financial depth in the economy represent the most financial development, to measure the need for indicators that are representative of this variable. This research used the historical understanding of the scientific principles and theoretical framework has been implemented library study that aims to provide indicators to measure financial depth and explain its relationship with development of the financial system and economic development based on research earlier. The results led to the identification and introduction of measurement indicators of financial depth was also shown that between financial deepening and development of the financial system and economic development and a significant positive relationship exists.

There is extensive literature about the hypothesis of convergence of per capita income and the role of financial development, but there is limited theoretical and empirical literature about the effect of different conventional and unconventional financing methods on the convergence. In this regard, the main purpose of this article is to compare the effect of these methods on the convergence by using the generalized method of moments (GMM) in a sample of 13 countries of the time period 2012-2021. The findings of the present research indicate the confirmation of the hypothesis of beta and sigma convergences. Also, the results show:firstly the banking system, sukuk, foreign direct investment and governance have a positive and significant effect on the convergence of per capita income. Secondly, the effect size of sukuk on the convergence of per capita income is less compared to the money market (bank), which can be caused by the low volume of sukuk issuance and the bank-oriented nature of the selected countries. Thirdly, it seems that the existence of high systematic risks in the stock market has made the stock market and economic freedom unable to increase the convergence of the per capita income of the selected countries. In general, the results of this study indicate the positive effect of financial development on the convergence of per capita income. In order to achieve convergence, it is necessary to create economic stability and provide the necessary conditions for the optimal and effective use of financial instruments for domestic and foreign investors.

Purpose: The present study aims to identify and explain the futures of Iranian provinces in the competition for the development of NBIC technological convergence (synergy between nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences) with a focus on Yazd province. Method: This research, which has been conducted with a qualitative and descriptive approach, is classified as an exploratory futures-study. In this way, the relevant research records were first reviewed to compile a list of drivers in the development of convergent technologies. The list was then refined and prioritized to identify two key drivers, with the Delphi process attended by fourteen experts. By intersecting the uncertainties of these two drivers, four scenarios of the province's future in technological convergence competition emerged. Findings: The two key drivers affecting the success of the province in the competition for convergent technologies are: the rate of development of the innovation ecosystem and the amount of financial resources allocated to this process. Based on this, four scenarios of the future situation of the province in this field were identified, which have been named as "Vanguard", "Buyer", "Remnant" and "Hired". Conclusion: In order for the provinces to be able to succeed in the forthcoming competitions in the production and operation of convergent technologies, it is necessary to plan for strengthening the ecosystem infrastructure from now; at the same time, it is necessary to make efficient efforts to provide sufficient financial resources for the research and commercialization of these technologies.

In this paper, we study the literature of financial development and economic growth. The financial systems in respect to their operations and their effects on real sector are considered.The result of an empirical study about the financial crises and their effects on the economic growth and determinants of real sector adjustment after the financial crises are analyzed.The study shows that the financial crises have a short-run negative affect on the real sector of economy. Also the export orientation policies, external and internal environments, and financial depth have permanent and significant effects on the real sector adjustment after crises. It is depicted that the other variables have a temporary effects on the real sector adjustment after crises.

This article survey mutual effect of financial liberalization and trade openness on financial development from 1980-2008, for a sample of 25 development and developing countries.The result suggests mutual effect of these is meaningful of financial development. As well as mutual effect is better than alone effect. In addition to, financial liberalization effect is less than trade openness. This essay suggests trade openness is precondition to financial liberalization.

This paper argues that globalization is a key factor in stimulating institutional reforms in developing countries that promote financial development and economic growth. Advanced countries can help in this process by supporting the opening of their markets to goods and services from emerging – market countries. By encouraging these countries to increase their participation in global markets, advanced countries can create exactly the right incentives for developing countries to implement the reforms that will enable them to have high economic growth.

Economic development, market, stock exchange and related variables that are components of their business and economic activities and population management will affect. Financial repression, including the economic variables that have a significant effect on capital markets and financial markets, especially through this growth and economic development has led to publish this concept as the theory of financial development and its role in economic development by "McKinnon" and "Shaw" in 1970 and 1973, which was based on repression as a set of financial policies were defined that aim to create revenue from the financial system and use it to create resources in certain sectors of the economy that actually aimed at government interference in pricing and resource allocation grant funds (loans) through the suppression of interest rates is real.In this paper, research results using historical understanding of scientific principles and theoretical framework is a library studies. The results indicate that financial repression to explain the relationship of economic development, measurement criteria of financial repression is very important in this study; identifying and measuring indicators are presented.

The main purpose of this article is study of short and long-run relationship between measures of financial development and growth of agricultural sector, applying vector error-correction model to 1962-2004 data. Agricultural bank credit, credit of other banks and money stock minus currency to GDP were used to measure agricultural financial development. Results showed that there is a long-run bi-directional causality relationship between financial development and agricultural growth and agricultural growth caused financial development in short-run. Agricultural bank credit cannot cause fixed capital formation in agriculture in short and long-run. Therefore, allocation of credit needs some reforms for increasing of capital formation in agriculture.